Absorption is the process by which a drug moves from the site of administration into the bloodstream. The rate and extent of absorption depend on the environment where the drug is absorbed, its chemical properties, and the route of administration, which affects bioavailability. Routes of administration other than intravenous can result in incomplete absorption and […]
Nicotine: Its MOA , Uses and ADRs
Nicotine, the primary active compound in tobacco, is predominantly known for its stimulating effects on the central nervous system (CNS) and its widespread use as a drug, ranking second only to caffeine in popularity. Despite its limited therapeutic applications, nicotine remains a significant public health concern due to its addictive nature and association with severe […]
A Comprehensive Overview of Anesthetic Adjuncts And Its Benefits:
Adjuncts play a crucial role in the practice of anesthesia, encompassing various drug categories that influence gastrointestinal (GI) motility, prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV), anxiety reduction, and analgesia. These adjuncts are strategically employed to ensure the anesthesia process is safe and comfortable for patients. GIT medications Gastrointestinal medications are essential in anesthesia to […]
Local Anesthetics: Its Onset , Mechanism And Actions
Local anesthetics function by blocking the transmission of sensory and, at higher concentrations, motor impulses from peripheral nerves to the central nervous system (CNS). This blockade occurs by inhibiting sodium ion channels, crucial for the initiation and propagation of nerve action potentials . By preventing the transient increase in sodium permeability necessary for generating an […]
Neuromuscular Blockers: Its Mechanism , Uses And ADR’s
Sugammadex is a unique pharmacological agent used for the reversal of neuromuscular blockade induced by the non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents rocuronium and vecuronium. Here is a comprehensive overview of its pharmacology: History Sugammadex’s development and introduction into clinical practice mark a significant milestone in the field of anesthesia and neuromuscular blockade management. Here’s a brief […]
Intravenous Anesthetics: Its Induction, Onset and Recovery
Intravenous (IV) anesthetics are crucial for rapidly inducing anesthesia, often within a minute or less, before transitioning to maintenance with inhalation agents. They can be administered as single agents for short procedures or as infusions (Total Intravenous Anesthesia – TIVA) for longer surgeries. Additionally, they are used in lower doses for sedation. Induction Upon entering […]
Anesthetic Uptake: And its effect on different tissue
Different tissues are affected by anesthetics in varying ways, largely depending on blood flow and the tissue’s ability to store the anesthetic. The time to reach equilibrium with the anesthetic gas’s partial pressure is inversely related to tissue blood flow (greater flow equals shorter time) and directly related to the tissue’s storage capacity (greater capacity […]
Anesthetics: Its Stages And Levels
Introduction For patients undergoing surgical or medical procedures, various levels of sedation offer significant benefits to facilitate these interventions. The sedation spectrum ranges from mild anxiolysis to deep general anesthesia, each providing: – Sedation and anxiety reduction – Amnesia and lack of awareness – Skeletal muscle relaxation – Suppression of undesirable reflexes – Pain relief […]
Inhalation Anesthetics: Its Distribution And Uptake
Inhaled gases are primarily used for maintaining anesthesia after an initial IV drug administration. The depth of anesthesia can be quickly adjusted by altering the concentration of the inhaled gas. These agents have steep dose-response curves and narrow therapeutic indices, meaning that the margin between achieving anesthesia and causing cardiopulmonary collapse is slim. There are […]
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